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Breeding biology and parental care strategy of the little-known Chinese Penduline Tit (Remiz consobrinus)

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Abstract

The Chinese Penduline Tit (Remiz consobrinus) is a small passerine that breeds in Northeast Asia. Despite its common appearance and its high encounter rate, the breeding biology of this species has remained largely unknown. In this paper, we describe for the first time the breeding biology and parental care system of the Chinese Penduline Tit in the coastal area of Northeast China. As a migratory species of birds, it arrives at the Liaohe Delta in late April, the males establish territories in early May, and breeding pairs build their nests from May to July. Most nest building occurs from mid-May to early June. The females produce small white eggs (egg mass, 1.0 ± 0.1 g) and a clutch size of 6.8 ± 0.6 eggs. The parental care system is complicated in Chinese Penduline Tits: uniparental care is dominant (80%) in this population, with a majority (71%) of female-only care and 9% male care for all brooding nests, together with 4% biparental care and 16% biparental desertion. Chicks hatch after 13.9 ± 1.0 days of incubation and fledge after 22.1 ± 1.0 days. The hatching success and nestling survival are 86.7 and 80.6%, respectively. Furthermore, breeding failure is 23.4%, which is commonly caused by predation and nests blown away by strong winds. Compared to other species of the Remiz genus, the Chinese Penduline Tit shows much similarity to the Eurasian Penduline Tit (Remiz pendulinus) but large differences compared to the White-crowned Penduline Tit (Remiz coronatus) with respect to breeding habitat, breeding density, nest site selection and parental care system. Moreover, the good nest attributes, relatively high nestling survival and low risk of nest failure may contribute to the prevalence of the uniparental care system in this Chinese Penduline Tit population.

Zusammenfassung

Brutbiologie und Brutpflegestrategie der wenig erforschten Chinabeutelmeise (Remiz consobrinus) Die Chinabeutelmeise (Remiz consobrinus) ist eine kleine Singvogelart, die in Nordostasien brütet. Trotz ihres häufigen Auftretens und einer hohen Beobachtungsrate ist die Brutbiologie dieser Art noch immer weitgehend unbekannt. In diesem Artikel liefern wir die erste Beschreibung der Brutbiologie und des Brutpflegesystems der Chinabeutelmeise in der Küstenregion Nordostchinas. Als Zugvogelart erreicht sie das Liao He-Delta Ende April, die Männchen gründen Anfang Mai ihre Reviere und die Brutpaare bauen von Mai bis Juli ihre Nester. Ein Großteil des Nestbaus findet von Mitte Mai bis Anfang Juni statt. Die Weibchen legen kleine weiße Eier (Eimasse: 1,0 ± 0,1 g); die Gelegegröße beträgt 6,8 ± 0,6 Eier. Das Brutpflegesystem der Chinabeutelmeisen ist kompliziert: In dieser Population überwog die Fürsorge durch ein Elternteil (80 %), wobei sich in der Mehrzahl (71 %) nur das Weibchen und in 9 % nur das Männchen um alle Brutnester kümmerte; in 4 % der Fälle waren es beide Elternteile und 16 % der Nester wurden von beiden Elternteilen verlassen. Die Küken schlüpften nach einer Bebrütungsdauer von 13,9 ± 1,0 Tagen und waren nach 22,1 ± 1,0 Tagen flügge. Weiterhin lag die Brutausfallrate bei 23,4 %; die Ursachen waren gewöhnlich Prädation und ein Fortwehen der Nester durch starken Wind. Im Vergleich mit anderen Arten der Gattung Remiz zeigt die Chinabeutelmeise bezüglich Bruthabitat, Brutdichte, Nistplatzwahl und Brutpflegesystem eine große Ähnlichkeit mit der eurasischen Beutelmeise (Remiz pendulinus), unterscheidet sich aber stark von der Kronenbeutelmeise (Remiz coronatus). Darüber hinaus könnten die guten Nesteigenschaften, die relativ hohe Überlebensrate der Nestlinge sowie das geringe Nestausfallrisiko zur Prävalenz der Brutpflege durch ein Elternteil in dieser Population der Chinabeutelmeise beitragen.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate the assistance of the Liaohe Delta National Nature Reserve for allowing us to conduct the fieldwork. We sincerely thank Boshi Liang, Zhen Wang, Shaoping Zhang, Zhuoxue Chen and all the volunteers for their assistance in the fieldwork. We thank Jan Komdeur and Charlotte Deerenberg for helpful comments on the previous version of this manuscript. We also thank Sjouke Kingma and an anonymous reviewer for providing very useful comments. Thanks to Dr Yu Liu, Dr De Chen and Dr Pinjia Que for providing detailed suggestions on manuscript writing. This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 31572288 to Z. Z., 31301888 and 31672316 to D. L.) and the General Scientific Research Project of the Education Department of Liaoning Province (L2015196 to D. L.). All the fieldwork and monitoring complied with the current laws of China.

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Correspondence to Zhengwang Zhang.

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Communicated by F. Bairlein.

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Zheng, J., Li, D. & Zhang, Z. Breeding biology and parental care strategy of the little-known Chinese Penduline Tit (Remiz consobrinus). J Ornithol 159, 657–666 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1553-0

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